Honda Inc. Supply Chain Management - 1316 Words

Honda Motor Company Ltd. How does Mr. Honda’s history with suppliers relate to Honda’s current supply management strategy? Honda’s current supply management strategy is consistent with Mr. Honda’s history. There three factors about Honda’s supply management strategy, focus on local market, emphasis on competition and reliable suppliers. According to the Honda’s export strategy of â€Å"Honda and U.S. – Japan Automotive Trade†(1997), it is clearly that Honda focuses on regional markets which contributes to developing more sales, strong research and better development. And their strategy of manufacturing the products where or near to where they are sold is the result of their being local strategy. Additionally, focus on local market benefits†¦show more content†¦Since 1986 the MOSS came out, Honda created thousands of job opportunities in US and in turn it gets a lot benefit. What are the key elements of Honda’s supplier evaluation policy? How does it differ from others (e.g. the Big Three)? Suppliers are able to be involved in the product development to some degree. Different from others which control everything during purchasing and the suppliers are just responsible for supplying products as what is in the contract, Honda’s suppliers are able to offer advice about enhancing the efficiency which facilitate the cooperation as well as the products. In other words, Honda and its suppliers are mutually-beneficial cooperation rather than Honda just relies on suppliers. Continuous development and responsiveness of suppliers at the early age of product development process is critically important. â€Å"Honda tries to encourage suppliers’ suggestions early before finalizing drawings, particularly in the area of cost reduction and quality improvement.† Honda always tries to maintain relationship with suppliers. It is hard to communicate effectively in Honda’s four trade zone but Honda always pays attention to it. As Mr. Morita says, â€Å"Honda places value on maintaining relationships, so we do not enter into them lightly.† Different from companies which focus on the immediate benefit of low cost rather than long-term benefits of maintaining relationship, Honda values suppliers and tries best to maintainShow MoreRelatedToyota Production System ( Tps )1164 Words   |  5 PagesProduction System (TPS) is a lean production Operations Management technique, steeped in the philosophy of operational efficiency, operational sustainability, operational effectiveness, and quality, with focus on waste elimination, innovation and human rights (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2015a; Toyota Motor Manufacturing, 2015). At its foundation, TPS utilizes the guiding ideologies of â€Å"Just-In-Time† production, or efficient resource management, and â€Å"Jidoka,† or quality assurance (Toyota Motor ManufacturingRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies1069 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly finds that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to successfully compete in the global market and networked economy. Proponent cited some relevant literatures which have a direct link to the proposed study. In Peter Drunker’s (1999) new management paradigm, the concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. During the past decades, globalizationRead MoreExecutive Summary of Harley-Davidson1375 Words   |  6 Pagesselling motorcycles. Good relationships, continuous improvement, employee and management involvement, team building or employee training and empowerment are not just words out of a management book for Harley-Davidson. Only by adopting those management techniques and building a solid base between the management and the Unions/employees made it possible for Harley-Davidson to improve its management processes. While management s responsibility is to build relationships with the employees, marketing sRead MoreManaging Supply Chain And Operations : An Integrative Approach1363 Words   |  6 PagesFoster, T., Sampson, S., Wallin, C., Webb, S. (2015). Managing supply Chain and Operations: An Integrative Approach. New York, NY: Pearson. All four authors are a professor of global supply chain management at Brigham Young University. The whole book is focused on the key functions of supply chain, operations, and customer relationship management with the special focus on the areas of improvement, innovation, and integration. We took a close look at the section called â€Å"Providing Feedback: The SupplierRead MoreMba 640 Managerial Economics1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthese business’s disciplines at some point or another; demand, marketing, finance, accounting, management science and strategy. An example of one of the disciplines (demand or price elasticity): Ford and Honda cater to the subcompact segment (marketing segmentation) of the automobile market with their Focus and Civic models, respectively. Are Ford Focus buyers more or less price sensitive than buyers of Honda Civics? One way to answer this question is to estimate the change in quantity demanded withRead MoreTrends In Automotive Industry Implication On Supply Chain Management2234 Words   |  9 PagesWhite Paper Trends in the Automotive Industry Implications on Supply Chain Management Author Michael Schwarz February 2008 Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) Cisco IBSG Copyright  © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. White Paper Trends in the Automotive Industry Implications on Supply Chain Management Recent emphasis on global climate change is increasing pressure on automotive executives to make the right decisions in many areas, including RD and manufacturingRead MoreThe Elements Of Lean Production1543 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ELEMENTS OF LEAN PRODUCTION In this part, the authors write about the steps of developing lean production by pointing out the assembly plants, the differences between â€Å"lean† and Ford’s point of view, production procedures, the supply chain, the scheme of selling automobiles, and what â€Å"lean† needs to be perfect. Running the Factory. This chapter is written according to an investigation at IMVP World Assembly Plant. It is true that the car assembly workshops require a significantly large spaceRead MoreHonda Motor Co Ltd Financial Report3306 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND INFORMATION Honda Motor Co., Ltd. is a limited liability, joint stock Corporation established on September  24, 1948 under the Commercial Code of Japan as Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. The purpose of incorporating the company was to take over the business of an unincorporated enterprise formed in 1946 by the late Soichiro Honda to produce motors for motorized bicycles. Honda manufactures, produces, and develops a range of motor products, varying from small general-purposeRead MoreHarley-Davidson Inc. Case Study3790 Words   |  16 Pagesrestructuring plan. Using management principles adopted from the Japanese, new marketing strategies, and manufacturing techniques, Harley improved quality and began the long battle to regain its market share. In 1987, one year before the tariffs on Japanese heavyweight motorcycles were scheduled to end, Harley announced they no longer needed special tariffs to compete with the Japanese motorcycle giants; showing confidence in the new system. Today Harley-Davidson Inc., an employer of 4,694 workersRead MoreTesla Motors, Inc.1520 Words   |  7 PagesTesla Motors, Inc. is the world leading electric automotive and energy storage company with several models of cars: The roadster, Model S, and the newly introduced Model X. The company was founded by Elon Musk. The company strives to provide clean energy driving and has set sights on providing the affordable electric car driving experience. It has undergone several rounds of funding with the Elon Musk funding the first round himself, The company was listed on the NASDAQ and is now a publicly traded

Vaccination Of Vaccination And Vaccination - 1585 Words

Vaccination is widely considered one of mankind’s utmost medical achievements. Diseases that were not long ago commonplace in society are now increasingly rare due vaccines. Despite this, the United States continues to allow vaccination exemptions for children on the basis of religious or philosophical beliefs. Today, the vast majority of states allow religious exemptions and a smaller, but still substantial, number of states permit the more troubling philosophical exemptions. The exemptions compromise vaccination programs and leave the population susceptible to outbreaks. Thus to stop the growing percentage of Americans claiming exemptions, the federal and state governments, could consider utilizing measures currently used in Australia and France that would further dissuade people from seeking such exemptions. History of Vaccination and Vaccination Mandates Prior to engaging in an investigation of the modern vaccination laws and policies it is first helpful to briefly explore the history of vaccines. The history of vaccines extends back centuries. The first recoded inoculation occurred in China around 1000 A.D. The history of subsequent centuries is riddled with epidemics and outbreaks throughout the world. The outbreaks often involved diseases that today are treatable through vaccination notably smallpox, measles, and pertussis (whooping cough). Edward Jenner created the first â€Å"true† vaccine in 1796. Jenner’s vaccine treated smallpox and gave its recipients immunityShow MoreRelatedVaccination Of Vaccination And Vaccination Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesSummary Vaccinations have saved countless lives of children, adolescents and adults and have made diseases like small pox disappear. When a parent has vaccination hesitancy about vaccinations, do they fully understand what the vaccination is for, the safety of the vaccination, and the consequences that could happen if a child is not vaccinated? There is a great need in educating parents about vaccinations and how the vaccinations can prevent the spread of deadly viruses. Parents who are vaccine hesitantRead MoreVaccination Of Vaccinations For Vaccinations1371 Words   |  6 PagesI would never make a suggestion to an individual about vaccinations. This decision is and must be made by the individual. There is no one that knows you or your kids better than you and typically your doctor has a protocol that they must follow by law, so if you think that your doctors always have your best interest at heart think again. Thats why I would never want anyone to make a decision regarding their health without first doing their own research on the subject. That being said this is a persuasiveRead MoreVaccinations And Immunizations Of Vaccinations1597 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations and immunizations are given by injecting a small sample of a known virus into the human body to strengthen the immune system. The body will fight off and become immune to the virus, no longer being able to contract the disease that the virus may cause. Although science has proven time and time again that vaccines are here to help our safety and us, some people are still skeptic about them and refuse to be vaccinated. This choice puts others at risk. Misinformation about vaccinationsRead MoreThe Controversy Of Vaccination Of Vaccinations1562 Words   |  7 Pageslight on this unfamiliar concept. My topic will be about the controversy of vaccinations. I am going to research its history, the effect on your body, advantages and disadvantages. I am also interested in the reasons behind not getting vaccinations for your children, even when the parents could be willingly risking their child’s health and other children’s health. Furthermore, I wonder how doctors and professors view vaccinations and if they believe vaccinating your children is mandatory. The reasonRead MoreThe Controversy Of Vaccination Of Vaccinations2442 Words   |  10 PagesMy topic will be about the controversy of vaccinations. I am going to research its usage, the effect on your body, advantages and disadvantages. I am also interested in the reasons behind not getting vaccinations for your children, even when the parents could be willingly risking their child’s health and other children’s health. Furthermore, I wonder how doctors and professors view vaccinations and if they belie ve vaccinating your children is mandatory. The reason why I chose this topic is becauseRead MoreVaccinations : The Importance Of Vaccinations2065 Words   |  9 PagesThe importance of vaccinations What is a vaccination? Why are they so important ? A vaccination is a live virus administered into the body to build immunity against deadly diseases. When a child is little and is exposed to a disease their bodies are not strong enough to fight it off and can make them very sick. Before vaccination came into play children would get diseases such as pertussis(whooping cough),polio,diphtheria, and tetanus, all of these being extremely deadly.Why would someone want toRead MoreVaccinations And Their Importance Of Vaccinations1594 Words   |  7 PagesHeather LÃ… se Professor Linda Lovell English Comp II 12 December 2015 Vaccinations and Their Importance Are vaccinations important and worth the risks? This is an age-old question that many people have asked since the creation of immunizations. Early last century, diseases like whooping cough, measles, and polio affected hundreds of thousands of people, killing thousands every year. According to the CDC, â€Å"More than 15,000 Americans died from diphtheria in 1921.† A vaccine was formulated for this diseaseRead MoreBenefits Of Vaccinations For Vaccinations1793 Words   |  8 Pages Benefits of vaccinations The debate over vaccinations has been a prevalent one throughout the course of medical history. A vaccination is â€Å"the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism† (vaccines.gov). Vaccines are designed to provide immunization to certain illnesses. People of all ages are encouraged to get vaccinations not only to protect themselves but also for the safety of the public. Most children in the United States are given vaccinationsRead MoreVaccination Of The Vaccination Controversy1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vaccination Controversy in Ohio According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, a vaccine is defined as â€Å"a product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting that person from disease† (â€Å"Immunization†, 2017). Children begin the vaccination process at birth and continue to receive vaccines throughout he or she’s adolescent years. The vaccinations are peremptory in the protection from diseases, such as, Hepatitis A, MeningitisRead MoreThe Vaccination1100 Words   |  5 Pagesrequired to receive vaccination to attend the university. This was made mandatory by the Jamie Schanbuam Act, which was passed in 2009. Jamie was a rare survivor of the disease who attended the University of Texas in 2008 (Hamilton). The most recent incident with this disease and college students was with a student by the name of Nicolis Williams at AM University. Nicolis was a 20-year-old economics major, and was also an off campus res ident who had not received the vaccination. Williams died within

The Ocean Free Essays

Why do I do it? Why do I scare myself with the ocean†¦? It is true, it is merciless, literally; it’s not conscious, so it has no feelings, no remorse, no pity, no awareness. It would be wrong to say it is inanimate, because it is certainly animate. And not alive, yet contains so much life within it might as well be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ocean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like a Frankenstein body filled with cells and bacteria and nerve impulses yet no consciousness. My worst nightmare – I don’t have it very often but it’s a strong one – can take a variety of forms and happen in a variety of places: it’s being overwhelmed by a tsunami. I sat watching one of the biggest waves in the world – at Teahupoo – with my friend, a psychologist. I asked her what a psychologist would say that fear of a tsunami meant. â€Å"I dunno. Probably something to do with your mother. Normally is, eh? †. But I can’t help thinking I’m also just simply scared of death by drowning. Why then do I travel by freighter ship, why then do I want to sail across the ocean in a tiny sail boat? Funnily, the tsunami dream never occurs at sea. It’s always the shore that is inundated. With that wall of approaching death. But the sea still scares me. As well it should. It is the only sensible reaction to be cautious of such a beast. I keep on wishing to anthropomorphise it. Should I? Cautious, yes†¦ but scared? I’m trying to work out is my fear rational or irrational. Do I think the sea, the ocean, symbolises something, someone? Do I think something – like the tsunami – is coming to get me? Or someone? Or is it myself that’s haunting me? Even here on the bridge, of a vast freighter ship, 150 feet above the calm dark waters of the Pacific, I worry. I am outside, I hear a horn. Was that ours, I ask? The watchmen say no maybe it was the radio. It wasn’t a radio. I check the radar – nothing. I skip outside again this time with binoculars. Give me a man with binoculars over your electronic instruments. Or is it just my lack of faith? Faith in what? In technology? In buoyancy? In myself? Every time I stand at a railing I crouch slightly. I am secretly terrified that someone might come up behind me and just topple me in. Even during the day to drop off the side of this ship would be practically certain death. No doubt about it. You would be gone, gone, gone. No one would see. And by the time they noticed your absence at dinner they would never, ever find you. Maybe the worst thing is that I know the ocean could swallow this whole enormous ship and not care. Not even show a trace of where it had been. Two miles deep in a matter of hours. The first mate assures me, helpfully, that yes, that could happen. Sometimes, they break in two, he says. And sink in minutes. So helpful. Not what I expected or hoped for him to say. And maybe that’s another thing. That if you die in a car crash at least there’s a body. There’s something for your family to cry over, to mourn, there’s a proof that you existed. Die in the ocean and they’ll probably never find your body. Your life, and the physical proof of your existence, will both be gone at the same time. We like to think we would live on in other’s memories. But it would be nice to have a grave. And there’s no substitute for still existing. I never realised before: yes, I want to lie in a grave. I want to die in a bed, and then be put in a grave. An orchard, where I can turn into sweet apples. Don’t tell anyone. But here, I don’t belong. This is not where I came from. As beautiful as it is this place, under the moon, the light on the ocean (or is that glimmer some obstacle we are heading for a collision with? ) it is not our home. We are not returning to the ocean, because it’s not where we’re from. Our bodies know this. They are averse to the endless waters where we could be lost, forever, completely, and never nurture the lands of our home again. On the horizon there is lightning. We can see a long way here: we can see everything – so we see lightning striking on all sides. Far in the distance. Out here, this is the wilderness, the wildnerness that was always here, and always will be. So much the same, and yet it keeps changing. Yet never for the better – not for good. You can never truly know it, and never make it your home, not here; however good your bushcraft. On land, in the wilderness, you could find a cave, a tree, build a cabin, protect yourself from the elements. Former wildernesses are communities, pubs, shopping malls. But the sea will always be a wilderness. Simply enough to lay your nose and mouth in will kill you. Just imagine what a whole ocean of it could do. What if that lightning suddenly strikes, on all sides, the rain lashing down, the waves lapping up? Already every time a furniture fitting shudders I worry. I stop writing to judge our pitch, our roll, is everything okay? I think I’m becoming more like my mum. But what if that lightning animated the sea, struck, lit it up with its ferocious flash of energy and gave life to that unconscious Frankenstein body? It’s alive, and it’s all around us, it’s angry and wild and immense. The combination is overwhelming, impressive, and terrifying. It’s alive, it towers over you; it’s coming to get you. You wonder why it hasn’t got you already. What watery trickery these sailors have with their heavy keel, with their well-shaped hull: to cheat death and rob the sea of its would-be prize. But the sea doesn’t care. It is poised over you like a skyscraper, one that comes crashing down every few seconds. And it does that again. And again. And again. Every few seconds, on every side. For hours. And then it’s calm. And as quickly as the storm came it relinquishes you. After all, it doesn’t care, it’s not a man, an intellect, or a vengeance. It’s not your subconscious. It’s just a storm. And all that you have to protect yourself from it – all that I have to protect myself from it – is not luck or fate or talismans or wishes or even hopes or life plans or dreams. Nor technology nor skill nor discipline nor toil nor anything earned. Only yourself – only myself. Relying on myself, knowing myself, trusting, completely, myself, my mind, my body, my thoughts, my actions. And maybe that is why the ocean is so so scary. How to cite The Ocean, Papers

Critiqe On Kirstie Laird Essay Example For Students

Critiqe On Kirstie Laird Essay Orange GirlI chose to critique and analyze the works of Kirstie Laird. I liked the variety of her works, and the bright, brilliant colors in most of them. I think the one that fascinated me most, however, was Marionette because it didnt have any of the orange colors or motifs prominent in her other works. This puzzled me, since the title of her showing was Orange Girl and every other picture in the showing fit the title well. I found Lairds works quite similar to those of Judy Dater. Their finished products arent too similar for the most part, but their reasons for the pictures they take are nearly identical. Lairds series investigates the ways in which we define ourselves through social roles, dress and physical markers, both natural and applied. This sounds very much like what Dater wishes to convey in her self-portrait sequence in which she dressed and posed herself as stereotypes of certain kinds of women. Both women take special pains to use themselves as models (not an easy feat, I know from experience!). Not only that, they change costumes and props in every picture to convey the character they are becoming. In a sense, they are actresses, and each picture is a separate role for them. How well they fit the roles? That is a matter of opinion. I found each role they wished to convey was portrayed quite well. As different as each ladies style is, I still found some pictures I thought were quite simila r in many respects. We will write a custom essay on Critiqe On Kirstie Laird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lairds Kitchen and Daters Ms. Clingfree were two pictures I thought were similar. If you laid the two side by side, you would see nothing in them that was remotely similar. One is of a young attractive housewife sitting on the kitchen counter, cheerily showing off the fruit bowl. The other is of an older housewife, perhaps one who has been married many years and is starting to feel the stress taking its toll on her. In that sense, the pictures are of the same person (a housewife) as she goes through the years. Laird shows her when she is happily married and everything is sunny and bright. Dater shows the woman after the years have taken their toll and she is tired of it all. I think their ages influence the work. Laird is quite young, 23 I believe, so it is only natural she would show a young happy housewife. Dater, however, is 58 years old. She has seen much in her life, and no doubt was to some degree the unhappy housewife with too many chores and too little time to complete them i n. I think in that sense, the pictures are of the same genre; they are just the same person represented at different ages in her life. Lairds Marionette and Daters The Magician were also similar. In this case, though, the similarities were in the actual picture and not the theme behind it. In Marionette, Laird is the actual puppet on the strings. This picture also happens to be the only one in her series where there is no orange color or orange motif in the picture. I have yet to figure out why this is though. Perhaps it is the truest representation of her life, how she feels she has no control over her actions? If so, then it is not merely a character she has assumed, and therefore the orange that symbolizes her characters need not apply. Once again, her young age could influence this picture. At her age, her whole life is ahead of her, and there is much confusion in making a career choice, perhaps she feels that she is not secure enough in her career right now, and therefore has no control in her life. In The Magician Dater is the puppet master toying with the strings of her little puppet. She seems to be quite co nfident and in control of her life. Perhaps with her age she has accumulated security, and knows she has firm control of her future. Dater seems far more confident in her stature in this picture than Laird does in hers. .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .postImageUrl , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:hover , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:visited , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:active { border:0!important; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:active , .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u609fb30208d4556551f1cb72e95a9e7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hurricane EssayLairds Parasol Tattoo reminded me of Daters Nehemiah. I found Parasol Tattoo to be the most intimate of Lairds pictures. It is the only one in which she is not costumed, she is not assuming any roles. She is giving us an intimate glimpse of her body, her soul. I love the tattoos on her back, they are an integral part of her. The way the parasol blocks the head, and yet shows the shadow of it, it enhances the mood of the picture. I love the whole picture for this reason. I love how you can see the red marks where she just took off her bra. The whole picture is just so intimate, it is sensual. I love Daters Nehemiah for this reason. In this case, the picture i snt a self-portrait, but one of her finer nude pictures. It is a picture of the back of a nude man. You can see none of his facial features, and yet you can tell so much from his back. I love the line of it, the way the lights glisten on his skin, it looks like silk to me. It is an incredibly sensual picture, one of my favorites by her. In this case, Parasol Tattoo and Nehemiah have similar subject matter, and the same sensuality oozes from them because they are so intimate. They give me chills to look at them, I love them love them love them!!!Overall, I was quite impressed with the broad variety in Lairds work. She is a very creative individual, with some crazy ideas. I love the fact that she does color photography, her work would not be the same in black and white. It is her vibrant colors that reflect her brilliant personality and make the pictures true representations of herself. I am eager to see what more she produces in the coming years, and am especially curious how much he r work will come to resemble Daters as she ages. I think right now her work is so vibrant because she is so young and wild . . I am curious as to whether it will mellow with age.

Green Sickness Carrion Essay Example

Green Sickness Carrion Essay Romeo and Juliet is a tragic, romantic play written by William Shakespeare. The play is set in the town of Verona, were rivalry has thrived between two families; the Capulets and the Montages. Romeo who is Montague meets Juliet a Capulet, at a party. Fate has brought them together and they both immediately fall in love. Later they find out there families have a eternal feud. Romeo decides he loves her never the less and they confess love for each other and decide to marry the next day. Friar Laurence agrees for them to get married in effort for the feuding between the families to end. At the same time the Capulets are planning Juliet marriage to Paris. Juliet does not what to marry Paris as she is in love with Romeo and decides to take some fake sleeping potion so everyone thinks she is dead. She arranges Friar Laurence to send a message to Romeo to let him know that she is faking her death. But unfortunately Romeo does not receive the message and believes that Juliet has died. Therefore he drinks poison and dies. When Juliets sleeping potion wears off, she is awaken to find the corpse of her love. Then she proceeds to kill herself with Romeos dragger. After the death of the ill-fated lovers, the two families make peace and share their sorrow. The harshness and strictness of the parents caused the death of Romeo and Juliet. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Sickness Carrion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Green Sickness Carrion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Green Sickness Carrion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In act 3, scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare has revealed the stridency of medieval parents. Medieval parents virtually held absolute power over their children, especially their daughters as they were their parents possession from birth to marriage. Parents got their children married to whoever they chose, at early ages such as, 13.Wealthy parents got their children married to a prosperous and affluent person so, that they gained more respect and pride from the society. Parents expected their children to always be obedient, respectful and never disagree to their commands. Children in medieval times, had to do whatever their parents told them, whenever they told them. It was a harsh life for children compared to children today, who can do whatever they want, whenever they want .Todays parents let their children run their life in their own hands. Parents give their guidance, only if their children want to as children have their own independent lives, they chose who and when to get married. Parents today are cooperative compared to medieval parents who were strict. Below, I have explained some language devices Shakespeare has used in Romeo and Juliet, to show what the Capulets were like as medieval parents. In the scene Juliet disagrees to an arranged marriage to a wealthy man called Paris, Lord Capulet and Lady Capulet are extremely outraged as their verbal language shows how astringent medieval parents were. Shakespeare uses a range of ultimatums to interpret typical examples of medieval parents. For example, Lord Capulet frustratingly says to Juliet I tell thee what; get thee to the church OThursday; / Or never look me in the face and Gaze were you will, you shall not house with me. This illustrates the ferociousness of Lord Capulet, who will not accept Juliet as his daughter or allow her to live with him unless she agrees to marry Paris,who is very high class ad well known in the society. Medieval fathers brought enormous pressure on their daughters to marry the man he chose unlike parents nowadays would be more considerate to accept their childrens point of view. Mockery is another language device Shakespeare uses to emphasise the Capulets as traditional medieval parents. For example, Lord Capulet imitates her childish voice and says To answer, Ill not wed, I am too young, I pray pardon me to Juliet. Medieval parents neglected their childrens opinions and insulted them unlike parents today who are more supportive. The quote above demonstrates the fractious nature of Lord Capulet who assumes that Juliet is too young and too childish because she is refusing the good fortune offered to her. Another language device that Shakespeare employs to show the Capulets as typical examples of medieval parents is threatening language. Capulet shows impatience, while speaking to Juliet for example, Out, you green-sickness carrion! Out, you baggage/ You tallow face! . Green sickness-carrion is a double insult; it means she looks as green as something that has been dead for long and she is afflicted with sickness that comes from being a girl. Another example is, To go with Paris to Saint Peters Church/Or I will drag thee hurdle thither, Capulet is humiliating Juliet and threatening to drag her on a prisoners sledge to the church. These quotes show that medieval parents were extremely selfish and narrow minded unlike parents today who understand their childrens rights. A further device Shakespeare has used is rhetorical questions to portray the Capulets as medieval parents. Rhetorical questions were used to emphasise the Capulets outrage by Juliets dishonour for example, How, how, how, how, choppd logic? What is this? This argument is considered useless in Capulets mind. Another example is, Soft! take me with you, wife, How will she none? doth she not give us thanks? This emphasises that Capulet is astonished, he expected Juliet to thank him profusely and to be proud to be Pariss wife. This defines that medieval parents had strength over their children, who had no rights to do any on their chose. Nowadays children feel freer to choose their own paths without hesitation. Parents nowadays are more supportive unlike medieval parents who were very uncooperative. Shakespeare has used different language devices to imitate Capulets as medieval parents such as, uses of lists. The use of lists introduces the irritation of Capulets for example God breads makes me mad/ Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play. This illustrates that Capulet worked really hard and spent a lot of time to find Juliet a husband but Juliet does not appreciate all he had done for her. Another list used in the scene was, And you be mine, Ill give you to my friend;/ And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, this means that if Juliet does not agree to marry Paris, he will not accept her as his daughter and will not give her any support her, in her future life. Another language device Shakespeare uses to outline Capulets as a medieval parent is alliteration. Examples of alliteration were used when Capulets gets ill-tempered by Juliets imprudence and sarcastically says, Mistress Minion. This quotes that Juliet is a spoilt child. Another example used was Fettle you fine joints which means prepare for what you have ahead of you. The point that Shakespeare is making is that parents use to low grade their children and make them feel unwanted, unlike parents today who want their children to feel comfortable and wanted at home. Metaphors are another language device Shakespeare uses to display the Capulets as medieval parents. For example Lady Capulet irritatingly says to Juliet I would the fool were married to her grave .The point Shakespeare is making is that traditional medieval parents were very cold and unpleasant if they didnt get their way. The quote above means that if Juliet does not marry Paris the thing for her to do is die, her parents will feel shameful and deeply insulted if she rejects Paris, as Pariss family will no longer respect the Capulets. Shakespeare uses exclamation marks to indicate Capulets as medieval parents. For example Shakespeare uses exclamation marks to emphasise Capulets strong feelings such as, Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch! This shows that Capulet was threatening Juliet by making unpleasant remarks. This shows that medieval parents did not think about there childrens feeling unlike parents today who understand their childrens feeling very well. In conclusion medieval expected too much of their children and didnt understand their feelings as they were treated in this way when they were children. Life was hard for medieval children; they had a lot to cope with unlike children today who are very enthusiastic.

Efforting to Remain Calm

Efforting to Remain Calm Efforting to Remain Calm Efforting to Remain Calm By Maeve Maddox I have a reader to thank (to blame?) for telling me about a coinage that is new to me. It may have begun with television announcers, but it’s spreading. Since I began looking for it, I’ve even found it in a book on sociology published by W.W. Norton. The word is efforting. Here are some examples of its use by television announcers: We are efforting to restore the signal from Fort Hood. We are efforting her report. Brian Williams, NBC we are efforting, trying to get a reaction from Georgia’s President. Tony Harris, CNN we are efforting to get an interview with General Tommy Franks Here it is in some Web headlines: Rugby Canada/USA Rugby efforting to get second half on EPN July 11 Solution efforting seems to fall in a gap between teams Strong Efforting Team to Avoid Letdown Group efforting signatures to repeal transgender law The genius of English word formation is responsible for keeping the language supplied with new words for new ideas, and I rejoice in it. But I have to admit that I cannot see what new idea this strange new verb expresses. It seems to me that one would try to restore a signal. Couldn’t one attempt to get an interview with someone? Before verbing the noun effort, consider whether one of the following might serve your purpose: attempt endeavor exert oneself make an effort try strive venture work at Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesComment, Suggestion, and Feedback

MEDICAL ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICAL ETHICS - Essay Example oral standards when conducting scientific experiments on live subjects, both human and animal subjects, in that certain practices are no longer allowed just for the sake of obtaining some data. It is now a requirement to seek prior approval before conducting an experiment to ensure that no subjects will be harmed and this strict code of ethical conduct has been extended to many clinical trials as well with regards to testing new drugs on people, that consent has been obtained and that full disclosure of potential side effects are made transparent and explained to participants. There are many ethical, moral and legal issues involved in animal testing such as using experimental new drugs on animals. These issues have concerned scientists and researchers alike and also animal rights advocates, who question the value of the data obtained from that kind of research (Watson, 2009, p. 17) while others prefer scientific research experiments should still be conducted but only under strict conditions that met all the ethical criteria (Rollin, 2006, p. 3) and that ethics should be applied in science. This topic is the subject of this brief paper concerning its so-called 3 Rs, namely replacement, reduction and refinement with regards to such experiments. The adoption of the aforementioned 3 Rs was a big step towards ethical considerations on experiments done on live animals. It was put forth by two eminent British biologists in 1960s as a way to treat animal subjects more humanely and acquired the status of an ethics standard. It has been termed as the 3 Rs principle and is discussed here in connection with the experiment on monkeys as observed in the wild and in captivity by scientists researching on the causes of stress. This is because stress is one of the leading causes of death among humans and knowledge gained from studying the troops of monkeys and baboons have great implications for the human species. Along this line, each component of the said principle will be

Business and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business and Society - Assignment Example Many authors are of the opinion that usually firms and large organizations focus on economic and environmental sustainability but they usually miss social sustainability (Freeman 2005). A community is not just about the environment rather the people living in the community are also of equal importance. The importance of social environment of any community or the organization is equally important as the physical environment of that particular community. Therefore, the companies should consider the social sustainability among its top focus priorities. It is one of the basic pillars for the social development in the society (Freeman 2005). A socially sustainable business definitely means a business, which is good in its operations and other related areas. By adopting the social sustainability practices, a business actually mitigates or reduces the amount of possible risks. These risks can be associated with the social and human issues related to the activities of the organization. For example if I have a site for my business which is unsafe for the labor working over here then it means that I am not fulfilling my responsibility of being socially sustainable. The worst situation will occur, if the workers may face any contingency because of that unsafe building. Therefore, we can say that a true sense of social sustainability is very much important and necessary for the company to be effective in the community. All of us are very much familiar with the term of work place ethics. The work place ethics may include all the ethical and moral values and codes of conducts, which must be fulfilled whenever we are working in any organization. If we consider the work place ethics from managerial point of view, then the provision of healthy and safe work place environment is also the responsibility of the managers. The work place or the working site should be designed in a way that people may not feel any hazard or harm in working here. This is the whole and sole

Proposed Healthcare Refrom Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposed Healthcare Refrom Act - Essay Example Increasing health insurance premiums and limitations in insurance itself keep people uninsured. The overall effect finally keep people away from early diagnosis and treatments or negligence of health and this will increase the morbidity and mortality rates which affect the living standards and the development of the country (Health Care, 2009). There is a huge difference in the health cost between the countries. Some Asian countries provide similar medical treatments with similar success rates to a cost few folds less than that of the US. Therefore it is interested to find the reason for this difference. Health cost includes not only the price of the medicines used but also the wages of the health staff and insurance company staff, there mortgages, bank charges, allowances, insurance for the building and equipments, transport cost etc. More intermediate involvement unnecessarily increases the final cost. Researchers have pointed out considerable opportunities to improve quality of the health care service while dropping the cost. Some academic medical centers in the country provide high quality service for less than half a cost and those physicians and others are provided with all the infrastructure, incentives and support needed. (Dartmouth Atlas Project, 2006) The proposed health scheme will assess the quality of the health services and inquire the discrepancy between the care providing institutions and take action to cut down unnecessary burden of health care cost. Obama’s plans will allow patients to select their preferred practitioner and most appropriate treatment plan without limiting to the choice of the insurance company. This will also empower people to quarry any doubtful condition of the insurance scheme and act upon medical malpractices and deliberate negligence and compensation. When health cost becomes low citizens are able to undergo early diagnosis and early treatments. This will

Bleeding and Clotting Time in Different Blood Groups

Bleeding and Clotting Time in Different Blood Groups Comparison of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time in different Blood Groups among Medical students Nadera Yasmeen Assistant professor,Department of Physiology, KBNIMS Gulbarga-585104, Karnataka, India Abstract Background and objectives Blood grouping, Bleeding time and clotting time are clinically useful tests, extensively used during blood transfusion, platelet disorders and a variety of forms of treatment in hospitals. The objective of our study is to find out if there is any relationship between the blood groups with the bleeding time and clotting time in 1st year medical students. Materials and methods The study was performed in 172 apparently healthy 1st year MBBS students in the age group of 17-20 years, of the department of physiology at KBNIMS, Gulbarga. Bleeding time and clotting time were estimated by Duke Method and capillary tube method respectively. Blood grouping was done with standard antisera. Finally bleeding time and clotting time of different blood groups were compared and statistical analysis was done. Results and conclusion The study showed that O group was found in more number of cases (39.5%) than A, B AB blood group. Clotting time was increased in blood group B than A which was statistically highly significant. (p 0.05). Keywords: Blood Group, Bleeding Time, Clotting Time. INTRODUCTION Blood grouping is very essential as it plays an important role in blood transfusion, genetics forensic pathology and it may have some association with diseases like duodenal ulcer, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections, feto-maternal incompatibility leading to haemolytic disease of newborn.1-3 Earlier it has been reported that blood group O was over represented in Caucasian patients admitted with epistaxis compared with the general Caucasian population.4 It is also seen that there is an association between ABO blood group status and levels of vWF. Blood group O is associated with lower expression of Von Willebrand factor causing a relative bleeding tendency 5, 6 ,7 but other workers 8 could not find out any association between the level of vWF and bleeding time. The objective of this study is to find out if there is a relationship between the ABO blood groups with the bleeding time and clotting time in our population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 172 apparently healthy 1st year MBBS students in the age group of 17-20 years of the department of Physiology at KBNIMS, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. Blood groups were determined by mixing the samples of blood with the antisera A, B and D and looking for clumping of RBC’s under the microscope. Bleeding time was estimated by Duke Method and clotting time by Capillary tube method respectively9. Prior to the study ethical committee approval was taken from college authorities. RESULTS Statistical analysis was done using SPSS package version 19.0. During the study it was found that most of the students belonged to O group [39.5%] than A [25.5%], B [28.4%] and AB [6.3%] and Clotting time was statistically significant in all the blood groups. Bleeding time remained non-significant. [Table 1]. Table 1: Distribution of blood groups (n = 172) *P Graph 1. Comparison of clotting time Graph 2. Comparison of bleeding time in different blood groups in different blood groups DISCUSSION Considerable research has been carried out all over the world regarding diseases and their correlation with blood group. Reddy et al 4 found in their study that among Caucasian epistaxis patients 50.4% of patients were blood group O but among control groups, this was 45.10%. Another study performed by Daniel et al 8 pointed out that admission for epistaxis was more common among Caucasian than Asian people. Morant AE 5 showed in their study the prevalence of blood group O was more among Caucasians than Asians. (Caucasians 46 versus Asian 31%.) It is seen that persons having any other blood group except O are at more risk of venous thromboembolism. Non O group individuals have higher levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII (FVIII) 10, 11. In our study population also, O group was prevalent in more number (39.5%) of cases than other blood group (B- 28.4, A- 25.5, AB- 6.3%). Clotting time was increased in blood group B than A which was statistically highly significant. (p Conclusion Our study suggests that O blood group is prevalent in more number of students. Clotting time is more in all the blood groups which was statistically significant. Bleeding time did not show any statistically significant change. Further larger study is needed to verify the above mentioned findings. Further study needs to find out if there is any association of this finding in cases of epistaxis in our population. REFERENCES 1. Akhtar MN, Tayyib A, Tasneem T, Butt AR. ABO blood group in patients with peptic ulcer disease : Association with secretor status . Ann King Edward Med Coll 2003; 9: 238-40. 2. Qureshi MA, Bhatti R. Frequency of ABO blood groups among the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2003; 13: 453-5. 3. Ziegler T, Jacobsohn N, Fà ¼nfstà ¼ck R. Correlation between blood group phenotype and virulence properties of Escherichia coli in patients with chronic urinary tract infection Int. J Antimicrob Agents. 2004; 24 Suppl 1:570-5. 4. Reddy, V.M., M Daniel, E. Bright, S.R. Broad and A.A. Moir, 2008. Is there an association between blood group O and epistaxis ? J. Laryngol. Otol., 122: 366-368. DOI: 10.1017/S0022215107008560 5. Mourant, A.E., 1983. Blood Relations: Blood Groups and Anthropology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp : 146. 6. Favaloro, E.J., S. Soltani, J. McDonald, E. Grezchnik, I.. Easton and J. W. Favaloro, 2005. Reassessment of ABO blood group, sex and age on laboratory parameters used to diagnose Von Willebrand disorder: Potential influence on the diagnosis Vs the potential association with risk of thrombosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 124: 910-917. 7. Gill, J.C., E.J. Brooks, P.J. Bauer, W.J. Marks Jr and R.R. Montgomery, 1987. The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of Von Willebrand disease. Blood, 69 : 1691-1695 8. Daniel, M., M.C.Jaberoo, R.E. Stead, V.M. Reddy and A.A. Moir, 2006. Is admission for epistaxis more common in Caucasian than in Asian people? Preliminary study. Clin. Otolaryngol. 31: 386-389. 9. Ghai, C.L., 1999. A Text book of Practical Physiology. 5th Edn. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, Haematology, pp: 84-101. 10. Jenkins PV, O’Donnell JS. ABO blood group determines plasma von Willebrand factor levels; a biologic function after all? Transfusion. 2006; 46 (10):1836-1844. 11. Kamphuisen PW, Elkenboom JCI, Bertina RM. Elevated Factor VIII levels and the risk of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb vasc Biol. 2001; 21 (5):731-738.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Setting is the physical environment in which action occurs. It is a common literary element of every story. However, when it is used eloquently, it can be seen as brilliant device that aids in the development of a story. In the novel Lord of the Flies, the author, William Golding, focuses on depicting his setting in great detail. Throughout the novel, he utilizes the setting to motivate character behavior, foreshadow events that will take place, and also to represent the values held by the characters. At the beginning of the novel, the characters discover that they are stranded on an island with no other humans. Since all of the characters are children, they are inexperienced on how to handle grave situations. Considering they are all by themselves, their environment forcefully arranges them into two groups. One of the groups is the hunters which will go out and kill animals for food. This group must be created, otherwise, all the characters shall die. The boy who will take on this challenge will be Jack. Jack, at the beginning of the novel, was a very considerate and caring. An example of this takes place in chapter one where he is about to kill a pig but did not have the heart to do it. However as the novel proceeds, his environment, the forest, and his new role of hunter will change him to an uncaring, selfish savage. The other group that will co-exist is one that will stay behind and do non-violent work such as building huts or creating weapons. As a result of having two groups within the whole, a leader must emerge in order to keep the two groups working efficiently. Since there is no adult on the island to take on the responsibility, the character’s environment once again forces them to elect a leader. The person who is elected is Ralph. He is forced to be organized and insightful on how to keep everyone alive. This is shown through him organizing a way for people to voice their opinions in his meetings. It is also shown through him suggesting that they build shelter and appointing people to take on certain parts in that task. Golding also uses the setting in order to foreshadow events that will happen or actions of characters. At the beginning of the novel, he illustrates the island in a fashion that makes it seem heavenly.

Apush

The Sunflower Over the summer we read the book â€Å"The Sunflower†, a story written by Simon Waistlines. The story consists of a man named Simon having to make a choice of to forgive someone that has brought him great pain. Simon Is faced with Nazi asking for forgiveness for all the people he has killed over the years. Simon makes a choice but later regrets It. The book â€Å"The Sunflower† starts with Simon Waistlines being put Into a concentration camp during the Holocaust.He lives his life as a prisoner day by day until one day he is taken with a group to clean trash at a hospital. While walking through the town to the hospital he sees a cemetery for Nazi soldiers. He noticed that each grave had a single sunflower planted on top of it. When Simon reaches the hospital he is called inside by TA nurse who brings him too patient's room. The room he was brought to was the one of a dying Nazi named Karl. Simon was stuck in Kart's room listening to his story about what he has done to Jews, the people he has killed and his mother.When Karl is done telling his story, he begs Simon for forgiveness. Without answering Simon leaves. He couldn't decide whether it was a good idea or not to forgive the Nazi. The day after, Simon is brought back to the hospital. The nurse again brings him inside and instead of going to the patient's room she gives him Kart's possessions. Karl had passes away the night before. One day after Simon is freed from the camp, he goes to visit Kart's mother's house. He thinks it will help him decide whether or not he made the right decision of not forgiving Karl.After he speaks to her, he still can't decide whether he made the right decision. At the end of the story he asked the reader what they would have done the same thing. I understand why Simon made that decision he did. I would've done the same thing. In anger a lot of decisions are made. Simon was Just very angry with Karl because he killed his own people. Asking for forgivenes s from something Like that Is a big thing. If I were Simon I would've done the same exact thing. I would have been angry with the man who killed a lot of my family friends and to ask for forgiveness after too.I would have never forgiven that man. Push By Holloway 4 forgive someone that has brought him great pain. Simon is faced with Nazi asking for later regrets it. The book â€Å"The Sunflower† starts with Simon Waistlines being put into a until one day he is taken with a group to clean trash at a hospital. While walking hospital he is called inside by TA nurse who brings him to a patient's room. The room speaks to her, he still can't decide whether he made the right decision. At the end of because he killed his own people. Asking for forgiveness from something like that is a Apush CHAPTER 11 * The tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the house of reps. * Jefferson and his secretary kept financial policies like funding, assumption, and the Bank of the U. S. in place. * The Jeffersonian Republicans showed their hostility by trying to impeach Justice Samuel Chase. * Marbury vs. Madison established judicial review; the right of the Supreme Court to declare legislation unconstitutional. * Jefferson cut the army to 2500 men because he thought a large army was a threat to liberty and economy. Jefferson’s deepest doubt about the Louisiana Purchase was that the purchase might be unconstitutional. * Lewis and Clark expedition demonstrated the viability of an overland American route to the Pacific. * After 1805, American shipping was severely hurt by trade restrictions imposed by both the British and French. * After the Chesapeake Affair Jefferson could have easily declared war on Britain with the enthusiastic support from both the Federalists and Republicans. (what is Chesapeake affair? ) * Jefferson’s embargo badly hurt Federalist New England as well as southern and western farmers. New Englanders overcame the effects of the embargo by trading illicitly with Canada and developing more domestic manufacturing. * The most revolutionary development in the critical election of 1800 was the peaceful transition of power form one political party to its opponent. * One federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was the excise tax. * Jefferson was forced to reverse his strong opposition to substantial military forces b/c of the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states. Although greatly weakened after Jefferson’s election, the Federalist party’s philosophy continued to have great influence through the federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall * The tern â€Å"midnight judges† refers to Federalist judges appointed by Pres. John Adams at the l ast moments of his administration. * The republicans failure to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase established the principle that impeachment should be used only for â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† and not as a political weapon. * Jefferson focused his military construction policy primarily on building several hundred small gun boats. Embargo Act prohibited all foreign trade. * The crucial foreign goal for many â€Å"war hawks† in the war of 1812 was the capture and annexation of Canada. * Tecumseh and the prophet created a pan Indian military alliance against white expansion and also urged Native Americans to resist white ways and revive their traditional culture. * Native American resistance east of the Mississippi river was effectively crushed in the two battles of Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend. CHAPTER 12 * Napoleons decision to repeal his blockage decrees in response to Macon’s Bill No. 2 demonstrated how Madison was manipulated by napoleon. The large western delegations in Congress were very concerned about foreign policy issues such as Canada and maritime rights. * A good deal of western hostility to Britain arose b/c the war hawks believed that the British were supplying the Native Americans. * New Englanders did not want to acquire Canada at all. * Even though the New England shippers were most affected by overseas trade they did not want to confront Britain on issues for impressment and maritime rights. * American naval forces under Perry and Macdonough thwarted British-Canadian invasion threats to Detroit and upstate New York. Clay’s and Calhoun’s plans for an extensive system of federally funded roads and canals were blocked by Republican presidents who had constitutional objections. * The Era of Good Feelings under President Monroe was broken by the Panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri. * B/c of its wildcat banking practices and land speculation, the west was hit especially hard in th e panic of 1819. * Missouri compromise: Missouri a slave state, Maine a free state and no more slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. John Marshalls Supreme Court rulings generally defended the power of the federal government against the power of the states. * The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere. * Two prominent American military heroes who emerged from the War of 1812 were Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson. * The American victory in the Battle of New Orleans proved essentially meaningless b/c the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before. * The terms of the treaty of Ghent nding the War of 1812 provided that the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. * One significant consequence of the War of 1812 was an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence. * A significant int ernational consequence of the war of 1812 was a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism. * The new nationalistic feeling right after the war of 1812 was evident in the development of a distinctive national literature, an increased emphasis on economic independence, and a new pride in the American army and navy. * MuCulloch vs. Maryland: Justice John Marshall said that the federal bank of the U. S. was constitutional and no state had the right to tax it. * Daniel Webster joined John Marshall in expanding the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. * Andrew Jackson’s invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of the territory after Secretary of State Adams further pressured Spain to cede the area to the U. S. * The original impetus for declaring the Monroe doctrine came from a British proposal that American join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the U. S. would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas. * The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was very little. CHAPTER 13 * The â€Å"New Democracy† was based on the ending of property qualifications for the ballot in most states. * The voters failed to give an electoral majority to a ny candidate in 1824, so the house of reps. had to choose the president form among the top three candidates. * President Adams attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of rowing sectionalism. The south and its leading spokesman, Calhoun, favored the tariff of 1816 but opposed the stronger tariff of 1828. * The election campaigns of 1828 were more about personalities and mudslinging than on the issues of tariffs and popular democracy. * The election of 1828 was in some ways a â€Å"revolution† of the common people of the West and South against the older, entrenched governing classes of the East. * The Jacksonians practiced their belief that the ordinary citizen was capable of holding almost any public office w/o particular qualifications. * One consequence of the spoils system was the building of the powerful political achienes based on favors and rewards distributed to political supporters. * In the Hayne-Webster debate, the southerner Hayne defended the doctrine of nullification by the states, while Webster attacked it as contrary to a union formed by the while American people rather than by the states. * An essential cause of the â€Å"New Democracy† was the increased stake in politics felt by ordinary citizens after the panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise. * A new, more democratic method of nominating presidential candidates was the national nominating convention. * The Jacksonian charge of a â€Å"corrupt bargain† to gain J. Q. A. the presidency arose b/c Clay was named secretary of state after throwing his support to Adams. * The New Democracy arose partly b/c economic distress and the issue of slavery in Missouri stimulated a heightened public awareness of politics. * One political innovation that illustrated the new popular voice in politics was the rise of national party conventions to nominate presidential candidates. * Adam being stubborn and prickly, his support for national roads, a notional university, and an astronomical observatory, and his anti-western land and Indian policies made his presidency a political failure. In the battle over the â€Å"Tariff of Abominations,† New England backed high tariffs while south demanded lower duties. * Under the surface of the South’s strong opposition to the â€Å"tariff of Abominations† was a fear of growing federal power that might interfere in slavery. * John C. Calhoun’s theory of â€Å"nullification† was based on the idea that states should be able to declare invalid those laws they deemed unconstitutional. * The concept of a political â€Å"revolution of 1828† rests on the increased involvement of ordinary voters in the political process. One of the central beliefs of the new Jacksonian democracy was that office holding should be open to as many ordinary citizens as possible. * One consequence of the spoil system was an increase in incompetence and corruption in government. * The Peggy Eaton affair contributed to the bitter, personal political conflict between Andrew Jackson and Calhoun. * Jackson’s Maysville Road veto signaled his opposition to Henry Clay’s American System. * In his debate with Hayne, Daniel Webster argued that the federal government had formed by the people and the states had no right to nullify federal law. CHAPTER 14 * Jackson ended South Carolina’s threat of nullification and secession by political pressure, compromise, and the threat of military action. * No states backed up South Carolina and their act of nullification against the federal government. * Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the bank of the U. S. to mobilize the common people of the west against the financial elite of the east. * The anti-Masonic third party of 1832 appealed strongly to American suspicion of secret societies and to anti-Jackson evangelical Protestants. * Jackson finally destroyed the Band of the U. S. y moving federal deposits to state banks; the independent treasury was not established until 1840. * Jackson defied the Supreme Court and ordered eastern Indians removed to Oklahoma. * American settlers in Texas clashed with the Mexican government over issues of slavery, immigration, and legal rights. * The Whig party eventually coalesced into a strong anti-Jackson party with a generally nationalistic outlook. * Van Buren suffered the bad effects of the anti-bank battle, especially in the panic of 1819. * The Whigs pretended that Harrison was from a poor background to form the basis appeal. Van Buren last the election of 1840 partly b/c voters connected him with the hard times caused by the panic of 1837. * The Whigs favored harmony and activism. The Democrats favored liberty and equality. * The two-party system placed a premium on political compromise within each party and thus tended to reduce the ideological conflict between the parties. * The nullification crisis in South Carolina ended when Henry Clay pushed through a compromise tariff that enabled South Carolina to save face. * Jackson’s veto if the bank recharter bill represented a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors. Among the new political development that appeared in the election of 1832 were third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party pla tforms. * Jackson’s Specie Circular declared that all public lands would have to be purchased with â€Å"hard† or metallic money. * One of Andrew Jackson’s weapons in his was against Nicholas Biddle’s Bank of the U. S. was removing federal deposits from the bank and transferring them to â€Å"pet† state banks. * One important result of President Jackson’s destruction of the bank of the U. S. was the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization. In theory, the U. S. government treated the Indians east if the Mississippi River as sovereign nations with whom the government negotiated and signed binding treaties. * Some eastern Indian peoples like the Cherokees were notable for their development of effectiveness agricultural, educational, and political institutions. * In promoting his policy of Indian removal, Jackson defied rulings of the U. S. Supreme Court that favored Cherokees. * The end result of Jacksonâ⠂¬â„¢s Indian policies the forcible removal of the most southeastern Indians to Oklahoma. * A particular source of friction b/w the gov’t. f Mexico and the immigrant settlers in Texas was the settlers’ importation of slaves. * In the aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution, Texas petitioned to join the U. S. but was refused admission. * The panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by overspecutlation and Jacksons financial policies. * Whig Party: Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Tended to favor a strong federal role in economic and moral issues. CHAPTER 15: * American frontier life was often plagued by poverty and illness. * The influx of Irish immigrants contributed to the rise of nativism and anti-Catholicism. Most early American manufacturing was concentrated in New England. * The principle of â€Å"general incorporation† permitted individual business people to apply for limited-liability corporate charters from the state legislatures. * The ear ly industrial revolution involved jobs with long hours and low wages. * Early labor unions made very slow progress; partly b/c the strike weapon was illegal and ineffective. * The steel plow and mechanical reaper helped turn American farmers from subsistence farming to commercial, market-oriented agriculture. * By 1840, canals were cheaper and more effective than highways. The Erie Canal’s great economic effect was to create strong east-west commercial and industrial links b/w the Northeast and the West (Midwest). * The railroad met much early opposition, especially from canal interest. * In the sectional division of labor that developed before the civil war, the south generally provided raw materials to the Northeast in exchange for manufactured goods, transportation, and commercial services. * Most women remained outside the market economy, in the home. * American industrial cities were the sites of a slow but steady rise in wage rates for most workers. By the time of the c ivil war, telegraph lines had been stretched across both the Atlantic Ocean and the North American continent. * The experience of frontier life was especially difficult for women. * As late as 1850, over one-half of the American population was under the age of thirty. * The primary economic activity in the Rocky Mountain West before the civil war was fur-trapping. * Americans came to look on their spectacular western wilderness areas especially as one of their distinctive, defining attributes as a new nation. The American painter who developed the idea for a national park system was George Catlin. * Two major sources of European immigration to America in the 1840’s and the 1850’s were Germany and Ireland. * One Consequence of the influx of new immigrants was an upsurge of anti-Catholicism. * Industrialization was at first slow to arrive in America b/c there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers. * The first industry to be shaped by the new factory system of m anufacturing goods was textiles. * Wages went up for most American workers in the 19th century except for women and children. A major change affecting the American family in the early 19th century was a decline in the average number of children per household. * The first major improvements in the American transportation system were steamboats and highways. * The new regional â€Å"division of labor† created by improved transportation meant that the south=cotton, the west=grain and livestock, and the east= manufacturing. * One effect if industrialization was a rise in the gap between rich and poor. * A major new technological development that linked America more closely to Europe was the transatlantic cable.

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essays - Cystic Fibrosis, Protein Families

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essays - Cystic Fibrosis, Protein Families The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Biology - Genetics The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2,500 people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.1 Since so many people are affected by this disease, it's no wonder that CF was the first human genetic disease to be cloned by geneticists. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered while at the same time, discussing the protein defect in the CF gene, the bio-chemical defect associated with CF, and possible treatments of the disease. Finding the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: The classical genetic approach to finding the gene that is responsible for causing a genetic disease has been to first characterize the bio-chemical defect within the gene, then to identify the mutated protein in the gene of interest, and finally to locate the actual gene. However, this classical approach proved to be impractical when searching for the CF gene. To find the gene responsible for CF, the principle of "reverse genetics" was applied. Scientists accomplished this by linking the disease to a specific chromosome. After this linkage, they isolated the gene of interest on the chromosome and then tested its product.2 Before the disease could be linked to a specific chromosome, a marker needed to be found that would always travel with the disease. This marker is known as a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP for short. RFLP's are varying base sequences of DNA in different individuals which are known to travel with genetic disorders.3 The RFLP for cystic fibrosis was discovered through the techniques of Somatic Cell Hybridization and through Southern Blot Electrophoresis (gel separation of DNA). By using these techniques, three RFLP's were discovered for CF; Doc RI, J3.11, and Met. Utilizing in situ hybridization, scientists discovered the CF gene to be located on the long arm of chromosome number seven. Soon after identifying these markers, another marker was discovered that segregated more frequently with CF than the other markers. This meant the new marker was closer to the CF gene. At this time, two scientists named Lap-Chu Tsui and Francis Collins were able to isolate probes from the CF interval. They were now able to utilize to powerful technique of chromosome jumping to speed up the time required to isolate the CF gene much faster than if they were to use conventional genetic techniques.3 In order to determine the exact location of the CF gene, probes were taken from the nucleotide sequence obtained from chromosome jumping. To get these probes, DNA from a horse, a cow, a chicken, and a mouse were separated using Southern Blot electrophoresis. Four probes were found to bind to all of the vertebrate's DNA. This meant that the base pairs within the probes discovered contained important information, possibly even the gene. Two of the four probes were ruled out as possibilities because they did not contain open reading frames which are segments of DNA that produce the mRNA responsible for genes. The Northern Blot electrophoresis technique was then used to distinguish between the two probes still remaining in order to find out which one actually contained the CF gene. This could be accomplished because Northern Blot electrophoresis utilizes RNA instead of DNA. The RNA of cell types affected with CF, along with the RNA of unaffected cell types were placed on a gel. Probe number two bound to the RNA of affected cell types in the pancreas, colon, and nose, but did not bind to the RNA from non-affected cell types like those of the brain and heart. Probe number one did not bind exclusively to cell types from CF affected areas like probe number two did. From this evidence, it was determined that probe number two contained the CF gene. While isolating the CF gene and screening the genetic library made from mRNA (cDNA library), it was

Developement of video games essays

Developement of video games essays In three decades, home-computerised gaming has made huge steps towards complete integration into Western homes. In thirty years the video game console has become a multi-billion pound international industry, with a place in millions of homes worldwide. It all started in the 1970s when this new invention was seen as only an experiment within the compounds of technology, yet we can now see that it has made more money than the movie industry, especially in recent years. 1972 was a remarkably important year for technology in which, both the microprocessor (the heart of home computers) and the compact disc (the current mainstream source of audio) completed development. In addition the first home games console was released in America, the Magnavox Odyssey. Ralph Baer, its creator, dedicated several years of his life in his basement building what looked like an ugly, brown box. Little did he know that his home-made experimentation of technology would be the foundation for the future of games consoles. The Magnavox Odyssey only consisted of 40 transistors and 40 diodes, because microchips were so expensive at the time. The console had not been designed with sound producing components, however, this was something that could be developed for future Odysseys. This basic video game system was only able to generate very simple on screen effects and the players had to keep score themselves. In 1976 an American electronics company known as Fairchild released their contribution to the developing game console industry, the Fairchild Channel F. The appeal of this system was that additional games could be purchased in the form of Videocart cartridges. This cartridge based method would remain the standard in the video game console industry for one and a half decades. Following in the footsteps of the Channel F a number of different consoles were released. RCA produced the Studio II. It could only produce black...

Human Services Program and Profession Unit Research Paper

Human Services Program and Profession Unit - Research Paper Example According to the paper the reporter wants to learn how to network clientele with needed society resources and services. Additionally, the degree course should prepare him on how to serve for the worker as a basis to convey a thorough baccalaureate degrees. The human service degree and program should support national agenda approval with the national accrediting body for human service degrees. He expects to take part in students’ election to aim my academic course in the human service, psychological health or gerontology domain. This can be accomplished by following two applied that are aimed particularly in the selected area of concentration.This strudy stresses that the author looks forward to getting a GPA above 2.75 amongst the Human Services candidates. This way, he can get a continuing learning credit for more than half a decade ought to file his familiarity with all units and fields associated with the human services degree course and profession. The course should also e nable him to join groups that create a path to adhering to the guidelines provided by the National Organization for Human Services. The author looks forward to standardizing crucial education anticipations and morals in human services class involved with human services workers. The class should be able to bestow the HS-BCP credentials. The reporter wants to learn how to prim my colleagues to effectually work and knowledgeably operate systems in need of uninterrupted care, assistance and individual support.  

Project Management Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Project Management Analysis - Research Paper Example s such as Sony, EMI, Warner Music Group and universal lead to the foundation of the company which can provide original sound tracks with ease of access named as SPOTIFY (Catherine, 2012, p. 82). The SPOTIFY is a service that provides commercial music streaming with a class of copy protection technologies. The copy protection technology protects the content from the reproduction. SPOTIFY include the content from the record labels (Billboard, 2009, p. 24). The service facilitates the users from browsing or searching the music by categories such as artist, genre, record label or play list. SPOTIFY was developed by SPOTIFY AB in Stockholm Sweden, The founder of the company was Daniel Ek, who was a Swedish entrepreneur and a renowned technologist who came up with an idea of launching the services that can provide to its users ease of access to the world of music at high quality. The company was launched in 2006. The promotion of no piracy with original music was the main idea behind the p roject. SPOTIFY launched its application on 7th cot 2008. In order to manage the growth of the service, free account remained available. However, the paid subscription also began after the launch of the application (Billboard, 2009, p. 25). In November 2011, Spotify launched the mobile app named as SPOTIFY App. The app made it possible to for the developers such as third party developers to contribute towards a core technology of the internet, which can be used for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web. The core technology could be hosted within the desktop player of SPOTIFY (Anderson & Schwarz, 2013, p. 150). The mobile application could provide number of features such as synchronization of the lyrics, critical reviews regarding music and extremely long playlist (Kijima, 2014, p. 61). The formation of the SPOTIFY APP had one main objective: To create an internet based company that can provide easy access to millions of songs with customized demands while

Strategic Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management Plan - Research Paper Example The core competencies of the company have also been discussed so that measures can be adopted in order to enhance the core skills and expertise of the company. The basic business strategies of the company have also been discussed and the new strategies were designed keeping in mind the basic strategies. An organization chart has been shown to have a clear idea regarding the hierarchy of the company. The significant role played by Information Technology (IT) in the company has been discussed and the advantages of it have also been highlighted. The study also throws light on the fact that the company actively uses the IT which makes the operations of the company much easier. It has also been seen regarding the advantages that can be derived from IT to help people access information about medicines and other related topics quite easily and that too without needing a prescription. The need for control systems in the company for quality check and the need for a crisis management plan have also been discussed. ... Strategic planning is a tool of management which facilitates an organization to keep its energy focused, make sure that the employees and other members are working keeping in view the common goal of the organization and assist to evaluate and amend the course of the organization in reacting to the environmental changes. Strategic planning is a closely controlled endeavor to generate basic actions and decisions that would help in shaping and directing an organization (Namac, 2009). Strategic planning is known to be a ‘game plan’ that helps in achieving competitive advantage and fetch in high profits. Therefore, it can be understood that strategic planning is an indispensable part of every business, irrespective of the size of business. Large businesses have more time and resources to dedicate to strategic planning whereas small businesses have the advantage to act quickly and be in close contact with the stakeholders (May, 2010). Strategic plan of an organization is consi dered to be the base on which each and every activity of business can be linked and associated with (Lawlor, n.d). To get a proper understanding, a strategic plan will be designed for the organization, Pfizer and the vital elements of the particular strategic plan will be discussed. Overview of the Company Two cousins named Charles Erhart and Charles Pfizer established Pfizer in the year 1849. It is a pharmaceutical company that is devoted towards developing and finding out improved ways to treat and resist disease. The company aims at improving well being and health of people across the globe. The company operates a website of medicine safety where all kind of queries related to medicines are answered and allows people to access information regarding important

Powers of police Essay Example for Free

Powers of police Essay Polo Games limited was initially involved in manufacture and sale of electronic typewriters changed its product line and started developing and manufacturing hand held computer games and devices. From the scenario of this company it comes out clearly that the company was involved fraudulent and counterfeiting practices and as such it was suspected of having committed a crime. The police came to the business premises one day to search, arrest and seize suspected counterfeit materials used in the fraudulent activities. Police have the powers conferred up on them to do the search and make arrests. Such powers are outlined hereunder: Police and other government authorities have been conferred some powers to arrest, search and even seize property. These powers are available for use by such authorities only in the given circumstances and conditions. For instance the power to search a person for anything is allowed when the person can cover up evidence relating to an offence, or anything which might enable the person to escape from unlawful custody. Other reason or conditions is to search to an extent which is reasonably required to get the required evidence (http://www.11kbw.co.uk/html/articles/policepowers.html, assessed on April 1, 2008). Police have powers conferred to them that enable them to enter and search premises. These powers of entry and search states that: power to enter and search a premise in which a suspected person is hiding; the power only applies to the extent that the police man has reasonable grounds to in believing that there is evidence in the premises. Section 18 of the EPA (Emergency Provisions Act 1996) gives the police power particularly the cop who is the rank of inspector to gain entry into premises occupied by a person under arrest. The inspector in this case should have sufficient belief that there is some evidence in the premises. When such an officer gets into the premises they are covered by the power conferred to them to seize any materials which are suspicious or can be used as evidence in court. This power is deemed critical in cases where it is assumed that some delay may lead to destruction of evidence by the suspected person. Section 17 of the EPA also mandates the police to enter into premises of suspected people in order to execute a warrant of arrest or arrest a person who has committed an arrestable offence. Other reasons for entry and search could involve the capturing of a person who has escaped from the police custody. Such person could have had committed a business related offence. Also in the context of business, police enters or force their way into a premise when there is anticipated damage of the property or evidence. There is section 19 of the EPA which mandates the police officers to enter premises and seize all things obtained through commission of crimes or which act as evidence related to crime.   Police also have power to seize property where there is evidence that it relates to given offence. The basis of this is to prevent the suspect from concealing, losing, altering or destroying the evidence.   Police officers have powers to arrest any person whom they have sufficient evidence or reasonable ground to suspect as having committed or is about to commit crime. To enter business premises, police normally have to obtain warrant from Justice of Peace. The Justice of Peace only grants such warrants when fully convinced that there is sufficient strength of the offence committed. Police seeking such warrants must specify reasons for the search and the things or items to be looked for. Reference: Police powers of search and seizure, available at: http://www.11kbw.co.uk/html/articles/policepowers.html, assessed on April 1, 2008

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia INTERFERON Topical MMC and 5-fluorouracil have been used to reduce recurrence rates when used as an adjunct to surgical excision and as a primary treatment; however, their use can be associated with marked ocular surface toxicity. Topical (1.000.000 IU/ ml/ four times a day) or subconjuctival INF alfa 2b (3 million IU/ml/ weekly) have been employed to treat CIN. In general, topical INF alpha-2b is well tolerated. Subconjunctival administration presents more side effects as flu-like symptoms (fatigue, fever, myalgias, malaise) and mild liver disturbances[i]. Local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis are the most frequently reported side effects 17 after topical administration. Redness and increase of CIN volume without ocular discomfort have been reported in a case[ii]. Fine, diffuse, clear epithelial microcysts in the cornea after instillation of topical interferon a-2b have recently documented in other case[iii] Topical INF alpha 2-b, sometimes combined with subconjunctival IN F alpha 2-b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases, and also in retreatment after recurrence when INF has been used previously for a short period of time. Approximately, 9% of CIN treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b showed recurrences, and 33 % of them were successfully retreated with topical IFN alpha 2b91. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 11 weeks (range 2-59). For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 5.5 weeks (range 2-12),91. Previous studies found the same observation[iv].The time to clinical resolution using topical INF alpha 2-b was longer (11.6 weeks) that the combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5 weeks), but that INF alpha 2b treatment involved fewer side effects. In general, it seems that the disadvantage with topical treatment is the long duration. We must emphasize the importance of long term fo llow-up for CIN patients because recurrences can occur anywhere from 33 days to 11.5 years[v], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2 years of initial excision[vi]. Many surgeons add adjunctive topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions100. However, all sizes of lesions could be treated with topical INF alpha as the primary treatment because it is an effective, non-invasive treatment alternative to surgery that increases quality of life with low costs[vii]. Actually, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well designed studies are still needed. However, two recent studies have addressed the above questions and confirmed the effectiveness of this topical therapy for CIN. The first study 17 demonstrated total resolution of the tumor in 96.4% of cases treated with INF alfa 2b with a mean follow-up of 42.4 months. The second study [viii]demonstrated that topical treatment with INF and surgical excision h ave the same effectiveness as primary treatment for CIN for a mean follow-up of 35.6 months. The authors concluded that topical IFN alfa-2b and aggressive surgical excision can be considered equally effective as first choice for treating CIN. Topical INF alfa-2b has some advantages over conventional excision, including the reduction of risk to loose limbal stem cells secondary to surgical trauma and, thus, compromising the integrity of the ocular surface. This therapeutic mode can be recommended particularly for patients who reject any type of surgery, or mentally retarded patients in whom surgery is complicated as well as extended cases where an aggressive excision could cause the loss of limbal stem cells94. Topical INF or subconjunctival INF remains a controversial issue. A recent report 103 concluded that subconjunctival 0.5 ml injection of 3 million IU IFN alfa 2b is a viable medical alternative for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with a mean duration of follow-up of 55 months. The authors state that the advantages of perilesional INF alfa 2b injection include more rapid tumor resolution, ensured compliance, and perhaps more direct delivery to the tumor site when compared with topical INF drops. However, some patients may be apprehensive about receiving injections around the eye and may prefer eye drops. A single weekly injection of INF may have better compliance than 4 eye-drops per day dosing for a mean of three months in many patients. Direct delivery to the tumor site may occur in well-localized lesions, while annular lesions or multifocal disease requires injection over the entire involved area, Increasing the risk of conjunctival haemorrhage. By contrast, topical therapy is delivered to the entire ocular surface and has very good success rates. Topical therapy could be recommended for patients who reject any surgical procedure or those who are apprehensive about injections.. Weekly subconjunctival INF alpha 2b might be an a lternative in resistant cases of CIN or recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis avoiding a mutilating surgery[ix] [x] A low-molecular weight glycoprotein, produced by leukocytes, has antineoplastic and antiviral properties. It slows the cellular growth cycle and enhances the body’s immune response against tumor cells. The FDA has approved IFN-a2b for the treatment of several conditions, including hairy cell leukemia. IFN-a2b therapy can be utilized as topical drops or subconjunctival injections. With drops, clinical resolution usually takes place with a mean time of about 12 weeks. Subconjunctival injection in addition topical IFN-a2b helps to initiate non-invasive effective treatment for CCIN with faster resolution time i.e. 6 weeks. In one study, the overall response rate was 96.4 percent, and the recurrence rate was 3.7 percent after one year. The regime for topical IFN-a2b drops with a concentration of 1 million IU/mL (1 M.I.U) or 3 million IU/mL (3 M.I.U), applied four tim es daily; or through subconjunctival route via injections as 3M.I.U million IU/0.5 mL, administered weekly. No significant clinical impact has been demonstrated on dose difference. When given in topical form, IFN-a2b is generally well tolerated and has minimum side effects. However the systemic effects reported so far include, mild fever, myalgia and fatigue especially after subconjunctival injections. This s can be well managed with ibuprofen. Topical IFN-A2b therapy is somehow gentle to ocular surface in terms of minimum drug epitheliopathy and patients have better compliance to IFN-A2b drops when compared to other topical chemotherapeutic agents , even if used for 12 weeks or more. No punctal plugs are needed.In summary, interferon ÃŽ ±-2b is better alternative option for topical chemotherapy that has been used in patients with CCIN .This therapy appears to provide results similar to topical chemotherapy but may be less toxic to the normal epithelium or the cornea and conjunctiva . OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS: Other treatment options in the management of conjuctival OSSN include topical retinoids, cidofovir and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Topical unguent of trans-reinoic acid (0,01%) showed complete resolution of CIN in 20% of cases, whereas 40% showed only partial response[xi]. This treatment may be then only adjuvant to surgery Regression of diffuse conjunctival CIN was demonstrated following a 6 week course of topical cidofovir eye drops (2.5 mg/ml) with later residual lesion after surgical excision[xii].Following PDT, using verteporfin, a complete clinical CIN regression, supported with angiographic evidence, has been reported at 1 month, without any recurrence for a mean follow-up of 8.6 months[xiii]. Likewise, histopathological evidence showing tumor regression following treatment with PDT in a patient with in situ CIN has been reported[xiv]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study is a single centered descriptive case series and was carried out at department of ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital affiliated with Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore from March 2014 to August 2014. A total of 150 cases were operated upon during the study period and all the cases were reviewed for at least six months to look for signs of recurrence. All the patients were pre operatively examined on slit lamp and those patients with either a pterygium or inflamed eyes or with previously excised and treated suspicious growths were excluded from the study. The risks and benefits of the study were discussed with the patients. Personal profile of the patient’s along with the contact numbers of the patients was noted. All the data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma DISCUSSION: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of disease, on which few of the large series have been documented to address the role of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia, none in particular from the Pakistan, especially ; the role of interferon therapy in management of OSSN.As the CCIN is highly recurrent tumors, many researchers have made efforts to bring a treatment modality with minimum invasive therapy and side effects to treat OSSN. In our study the rate of recurrence was which is quiet similar to the results in achieved in one study105 i.e rate of recurrence was 10.9% and and 5-year recurrence rate was 18.5%[xv] and the most significant factors found to result recurrence were tumor size and first treatment given. However, surprisingly grading invasiveness of disease and positive margins for tumor were found less statistically significant in tumor recurrence. In contribution with ongoing research as the primary tre atment therapy to treat OSSN, the interferon has proved to be most reliable drug in terms of controlling the tumor growth, preventing its recurrence and preserving the ocular surface with minimal side effects. The mitomycinC (MMC) 0.02%-0.04% is still being used for the treatment of OSSN as a part of topical therapy because of its role in lowering the recurrence rate. The standard treatment for CCIN is surgical. Due to the risk of recurrence and depending on the tumor free margins, adjuvant treatment like chemotherapy, cryotherapy and even radiotherapy has been used. Topical 5-fluorouracil and MMC have been used to minimize recurrence when used as an adjunct to surgical excision; however, their use even in the topical formulation can be associated with ocular surface toxicity. Thus, intervention with interferon alpha 2b to treat the tumor established medical regime and thus alternative to surgical procedures for the treatment of CIN with more benefits, especially in reducing tumor r ecurrence, and multiple surgies can be avoided. This new chemotherapeutic drug is being used to avoid visits of the operation theatre and is useful in decreasing the potential risk of stem cell loss and scarring of limbal area. Till to date, there are no comparative studies of this topical regime combined with surgical resection, cryotherapy and additional chemotheray in the literature. This therapy is especially recommended in conditions where patients deny undergoing any surgical procedure, patient is mentally retarded and also in patients with extensive involvement of tumor ,when to perform a surgery seems difficult, and in advanced cases where a surgical procedure may result in limbal stem cell depletion. As the role of interferon in previous studies to reduce recurrence is demonstrated, it has a substantial advantage in excising new tumor. The clinician and patient should outweigh the, duration of treatment, cost of therapy and possible side effects while deciding to initiate t he primary treatment of CIN with INF alpha 2b. Topical interferon is well tolerated in terms of lower epithelial toxicity. However, via Subconjunctival route, encounters more side effects. In a study, four of seven patients reported local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis but It was established, however, the folliculitis most likely resulted from vehicle, which contained glycerin benzyl alcohol 0.09%,, and human albumin, and not the INF alpha 2b itself[xvi]. Topical INF alpha 2b, added with subconjunctival INF alpha 2b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases but also in recurrent cases where interferon has been used previously for a short time. six patients out of 66 treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b had recurrences. Two of them were successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 11weeks (range, 2-59). The average follow-up was 13.3months (range, 3-40), and only three patients out of 45 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 5.5weeks (range, 2-12). The average follow-up was 22.5months (range, 7.2-91), and only three patients out of 21 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. Karpet al.[xvii]described the time for clinical resolution using INF alpha 2b was much longer (11.6weeks) than in their own previous study[xviii]in which they combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5weeks), and also reported that INF alpha 2b treatment resulted in fewer side effects. One recurrence after treatment with 2weeks of INF alpha 2b was newly treated with topical INF alpha 2b for 8months with success[xix]. In general, it seems that the disadvantage of this form of treatment is the long duration. The only safe method of gauging when to stop the treatment is the disappearance of the lesion in the slit lamp examination. However the latest modality to search for early recurrence is based on ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia[xx]. Therefore, It is important to emphasize to council the patients for the importance of long-term follow-up for CIN patients because recurrence s can occur anywhere from 33days to 11.5years[xxi], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2years of initial excision[xxii]. The mode of onset of the tumor can even masquerade as pterygium without giving any clue of clinical suspicion and the biopsies of the recurrent pterygium have shown to be squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology. So, every specimen of pterygium should be investigated for histopathologic examination and biopsies where OSSN is found should be examined more frequently for development of clinical signs of OSSN, hence identified and treated at an early stage[xxiii]. To determine the judicious dosage of using interferon relative to the tumor size, Vann and Karp[xxiv]found efficacy relationship which was dose dependent achieved with the cumulative administration of topical therapy and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of CIN. Chenet al.[xxv] suggested that additive therapy with INF alpha 2b may be needed for all lesions to lower the recurrence, particul arly if surgical excision seems not to ensure tumor-free margins; in large sized tumors, topical INF alpha 2b may result in limited tumor regression due to lack of insufficient drug penetration. However instead of introducing large dose of intralesional INF alpha 2b, excisional biopsy to decrease tumor mass should be performed. The larger lesions require repeated subconjunctival/perilesional injections, but it is suggested that smaller or residual lesions can be managed with topical therapy alone. Other authors have described the effect of tumor size on the choice of therapy[xxvi]. Many surgeons advise additional topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions[xxvii] and the topical IFN-alpha2b plays effective role for recurrent tumors; as it avoids the risks of further destruction to stem cells around limbus as mostly other agents and surgical excision result .However, If biopsy exhibits invasiveness at any stage, topical therapy is contraindicated, surgical excision should be performed[xxviii]. However, when there is a recurrence after INF alpha 2b treatment, an alternative could be intraoperative MMC, as described by Hawkinset al [xxix]. In our experienceall lesion with large tumor size can be treated with topical interferon as the primary therapy because of its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and an alternative regime avoiding surgery that enhances quality of life and is also cost effective. Today, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well-designed studies are still needed. [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] [x] [xi] [xii] [xiii] [xiv] [xv] Maudgil A,Patel T,Rundle P,Rennie IG,Mudhar HS- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: analysis of 78 cases from a UK ocular oncology centre.Br J Ophthalmol ; 97 (12); 1520-4 [xvi] Schechter BA, Schrier A, Nagler RS, SmithEF, Velasquez GE. Regression of presumed primary conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interferon alpha-2b. Cornea, 2002;21:6-11. [xvii] Karp CL, Moor JK, Rosa RH Jr. Treatment of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interpferon alpha-2b. Ophthalmology, 2001;108:1093-8. [xviii] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xix] Morgenstern KE, Givan J, Wiley LA. Long-term adminstration of topical interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of conjunctival squamous papilloma. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003;121:1052-3. [xx] Thomas BJ,Galor A,Nanji AA,El Sayyad F,Wang J,Dubovy SR,Joag MG,Karp CL- Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ocul Surf ; 12 (1); 46-58 [xxi] Tabin G, Levin S, Snibson G, LoughnanM, Taylor H. Late recurrences and the necessity for long-term follow-up in corneal and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1997;104:485-92. [xxii] Schechter BA, Nagler RS, Schrier A. Recurrent intraepithelial neoplasia treatment. Ophthalmology, 2005;112:1319. [xxiii] Pterygium and associated ocular surface squamous neoplasia.Hirst LW,Axelsen RA,Schwab I- Arch. Ophthalmol. ; 127 (1); 31-2 [xxiv] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xxv] Chen HC, Chang SW, Huang SF. Adjunctive treatment with interferon alpha-2b may decrease the risk of papilloma-associated conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm recurrence. Cornea, 2004;23:726-9. [xxvi] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300 [xxvii] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300. [xxviii] Holcombe DJ,Lee GA- Am. J. Ophthalmol. opical interferon alfa-2b for the treatment of recalcitrant ocular surface squamous neoplasia ; 142 (4); 568-71 [xxix] Hawkins AS, Yu J, Hamming NA, Rubenstein JB. Treatment of recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis with mytomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999;128:638-40.